Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
____________
Betula nigra (River Birch) [Betulaceae]
(observations are from Martin et al. and Bennetts)
Birds
Phasianidae: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse) [feeds on buds in Wisconsin during fall & winter] Bnn1900
Mammals
Castoridae: Castor canadensis (American Beaver) [the wood & bark of this tree are a source of food in Missouri] MZN1951