Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Oenothera spp. (Evening Primrose) [Onagraceae]
(observations are from Sotala & Kirkpatrick and Martin et al.)
Birds
Fringillidae: Spinus tristis (American Goldfinch) [seeds comprise 0.5-2% of the diet in E USA] MZN1951
Mammals
Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [these plants have minor importance as a food source] SK1973