Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Picea glauca (White Spruce) [Pinaceae]
(observations are from Ludewig & Bowyer, Willis & Brigham, and Lowe)
Mammals
Cervidae: Alces americanus (American Moose) [this tree provides 2.2% of the winter diet in Maine] LdBw1985, Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [this tree provides 34.6% of the winter diet in Maine] LdBw1985; Vespertilionidae: Lasiurus cinereus (Hoary Bat) [reproductive females used the foliage of this tree for summer roost sites 100% of the time in Saskatchewan] WB2005, Myotis lucifugus (Little Brown Bat) [cavities & exfoliating bark of this tree were used as fall roost sites in Nova Scotia] Lw2012, Myotis septentrionalis (Northern Long-eared Bat) [the hollows of stumps & snags of this tree were used 100% of the time as fall roost sites] Lw2012