Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Rhamnus alnifolia (Alder-leaved Buckthorn) [Rhamnaceae]
(observations are from Romain et al. and Noyce & Coy)
Mammals
Ursidae: Ursus americanus (American Black Bear) [leaves and/or seeds occur in the diet about 13% of the time in Ontario, feeds on the fruits in Minnesota] ROA2013 NC1990