Relationships of
Vertebrate Animals
to this Plant:
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Rubus occidentalis (Black Raspberry) [Rosaceae]
(observations are from Blackmore, Best, and Myers et al.)
Birds
Emberizidae: Spizella pusilla (Field Sparrow) [14% of nests were supported by this woody plant in Illinois] Bst1978
Mammals
Bovidae: Capra aegagrus hircus (Domesticated Goat) [this woody plant is eaten] Blk1998; Cervidae: Odocoileus virginianus (White-tailed Deer) [3% of deer droppings contained viable seeds of this woody plant in New York] Myr2004