Insects Feeding
on Hickories
(Carya spp.)

Insect & Family Names
(Scientific & Common)

Acmaeodera tubulus
(no common name)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Actenodes acornis *
(no common name)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Agrilus otiosus *
(Hickory Agrilus)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Anthaxia viridifrons
(no common name)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Brachys aerosus **
(no common name)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Chrysobothris adelpha *
(no common name)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Chrysobothris chlorocephala *
(no common name)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Chrysobothris sexsignata *
(no common name)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Dicerca lurida *
(no common name)
Buprestidae (Metallic Wood-boring Beetles)

Anelaphus pumilus
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Anelaphus villosus *
(Hickory Twig Pruner)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Batyle suturale suturale *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Brachyleptura rubrica
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Callimoxys sanguinicollis sanguinicollis
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Cyrtophorus verrucosum *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Enaphalodes atomarius *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Euderces picipes *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Goes debilis *
(Oak Branch Borer)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Goes pulcher *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Graphisurus despectus
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Heterachthes pallidus
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Knulliana cincta cincta *
(Banded Hickory Borer)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Leptorhabdium pictus
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Lepturges confluens
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Maculurges regularis *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Megacyllene caryae *
(Painted Hickory Borer)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Microclytus gazellula *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Neoclytus caprea *
(Banded Ash Borer)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Neoclytus jouteli jouteli
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Neoclytus mucronatum mucronatum *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Neoclytus scutellare *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Obrium maculata
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Oncideres cingulata cingulata
(The Twig Girdler)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Oplosia nubilus *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Parandra polita *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Parelaphidion aspersum *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Penichroa fasciatum *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Phymatodes testaceus *
(Tanbark Borer)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Phymatodes varium *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Psyrassa unicolor
(The Branch Pruner)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Purpuricenus axillaris
(White Oak Branch Girdler)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Saperda discoidea *
(Hickory Saperda)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Saperda imitans
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Saperda lateralis *
(Red-edged Saperda)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Smodicum cucujiforme *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Stenocorus cylindricollis
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Stenosphenus notatus
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Sternidius misellus
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Strophiona nitens *
(Chestnut Bark Borer)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Styloleptus biustus
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Tessaropa tenuipes *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Tilloclytus geminatus *
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Trigonarthris proxima
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Typocerus velutinus velutinus
(no common name)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Xylotrechus colonum *
(Rustic Borer)
Cerambycidae (Long-horned Beetles)

Babia quadriguttata
(no common name)
Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles)

Cryptocephalus guttulatus
(no common name)
Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles)

Metachroma marginale
(no common name)
Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles)

Xanthonia striata
(no common name)
Chrysomelidae (Leaf Beetles)

Conotrachelus aratus ***
(Hickory Shoot Curculio)
Curculionidae (Weevils)

Conotrachelus hicoriae §
(Hickory Nut Curculio)
Curculionidae (Weevils)

Conotrachelus posticatus
(no common name)
Curculionidae (Weevils)

Curculio caryae §
(no common name)
Curculionidae (Weevils)

Stenoscelis brevis *
(no common name)
Curculionidae (Weevils)

Mordella marginata *
(no common name)
Mordellidae (Tumbling Flower Beetles)

Scolytus quadrispinosus
(Hickory Bark Beetle)
Scolytidae (Bark Beetles)

Xyloterinus politus
(no common name)
Scolytidae (Bark Beetles)

Caryomyia caryaecola §§
(Hickory Onion Gall Midge)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Caryomyia cynipsea §§
(no common name)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Caryomyia holotricha §§
(no common name)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Caryomyia persicoides §§
(no common name)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Caryomyia sanguinolenta §§
(Hickory Smooth Gumdrop Gall Midge)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Caryomyia tubicola §§
(Hickory Bullet Gall Midge)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Contarinia nucicola §§§
(no common name)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Gliaspilota glutinosa
(Hickory Sticky Leaf Spot Midge)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Lestodiplosis cossae
(no common name)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Parallelodiplosis caryae §§
(no common name)
Cecidomyiidae (Gall Flies)

Ceratocapsus complicatus
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Ceratocapsus fasciatus
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Ceratocapsus nigellus
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Deraeocoris quercicola
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Lygocoris caryae
(Hickory Plant Bug)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Orthotylus ramus
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Paraproba capitata
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Phytocoris caryae
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Phytocoris confluens
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Phytocoris infuscatus
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Phytocoris onustus
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Phytocoris venustus
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Plagiognathus albatus
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Plagiognathus dispar
(no common name)
Miridae (Plant Bugs)

Brachymena quadripustulata
(Four-humped Stink Bug)
Pentatomidae (Stink Bugs)

Euschistus servus
(Brown Stink Bug)
Pentatomidae (Stink Bugs)

Physatocheila plexa
(no common name)
Tingidae (Lace Bugs)

Microcentrus caryae
(no common name)
Aetalionidae (Aetalionid Treehoppers)

Longistigma caryae ¶
(Giant Bark Aphid)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Melanocallis caryaefoliae ¶¶
(Black Pecan Aphid)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Monellia caryella ¶¶
(Black-margined Pecan Aphid)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Monellia medina
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Monellia microsetosa ¶¶
(Pignut Hickory Aphid)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Monelliopsis bisselli ¶¶
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Monelliopsis caryae
(American Walnut Aphid)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Monelliopsis nigropunctata ¶¶
(Yellow Hickory Aphid)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Monelliopsis pecanis
(Yellow Pecan Aphid)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Monelliopsis pleurialis ¶¶
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Myzocallis discolor
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Myzocallis punctatus
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Myzocallis walshii
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Protopterocallis fumipennella ¶¶
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Protopterocallis gigantea ¶¶
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Protopterocallis quadrata ¶¶
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Tuberculatus punctatellus
(no common name)
Aphididae (Aphids)

Clastoptera achatina «««
(Pecan Spittlebug)
Cercopidae (Spittlebugs)

Clastoptera obtusa
(Alder Spittlebug)
Cercopidae (Spittlebugs)

Eratoneura anseri
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Eratoneura bigemina
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Eratoneura era
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Eratoneura osborni
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Eratoneura parvipes
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Eratoneura penesica
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Eratoneura stoveri
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Eratoneura teres
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Eratoneura turgida
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Erythridula ampla
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Erythridula cauta
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Erythridula cruciformis
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Erythridula eluta
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Erythridula enata
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Erythridula minuta
(no common name)
Cicadellidae (Leafhoppers)

Chionaspis caryae ¶
(Hickory Scurfy Scale)
Diaspididae (Armored Scales)

Diaspidiotus ancylis ¶ ¶¶
(Putnam Scale)
Diaspididae (Armored Scales)

Diaspidiotus caryae ¶
(Hickory Scale)
Diaspididae (Armored Scales)

Diaspidiotus forbesi ¶
(Forbe's Scale)
Diaspididae (Armored Scales)

Diaspidiotus osborni ¶
(Osborn Scale)
Diaspididae (Armored Scales)

Diaspidiotus uvae ¶
(Grape Scale)
Diaspididae (Armored Scales)

Hemiberlesia neodiffinis
(False Diffinis Scale)
Disapididae (Armored Scales)

Melanaspis obscura ¶
(Obscure Scale)
Diaspididae (Armored Scales)

Melanaspis tenebricosa ¶
(Gloomy Scale)
Diaspididae (Armored Scale)

Atymna helena
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Atymna querci
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Carynota mera
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Cyrtolobus discoidalis
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Cyrtolobus fuliginosus
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Cyrtolobus fuscipennis
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Cyrtolobus pallidifrontis
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Cyrtolobus tuberosa
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Cyrtolobus vau
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Enchenopa binotata
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Entylia bactriana
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Ophiderma evelyna
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Ophiderma salamandra
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Stictocephala lutea
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Stictocephala palmeri
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Stictocephala taurina
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Telamona decorata
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Telamona monticola
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Telamona tristis
(no common name0
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Telamona unicolor
(no common name)
Membracidae (Treehoppers)

Phylloxera caryaeavellana ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaecaulis ¶¶¶ ¤¤¤
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaefallax
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaefoliae ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaeglobuli
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaegummosa
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaeren ¶¶¶ ¤¤¤
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaescissa ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaesemen ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaesepta
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera caryaevenae ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera conica ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera deplanata ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera depressa
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera foveata ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera globosa ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera minima ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera notabilis ¶¶¶
(Pecan Leaf Phylloxera)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera perniciosa ¶¶¶ ¤¤¤
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera pilosula ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera rimosalis ¶¶¶ ¤¤¤
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Phylloxera symmetrica ¶¶¶
(no common name)
Phylloxeridae (Phylloxerid Aphids)

Dysmicoccus morrisoni
(Morrison Mealybug)
Pseudococcidae (Mealybugs)

Eurycoccus  blanchardii
(Blanchard Mealybug)
Pseudococcidae (Mealybugs)

Heliococcus osborni
(Osborn Mealybug)
Pseudococcidae (Mealybugs)

Pseudococcus maritimus ¶¶
(Grape Mealybug)
Pseudococcidae (Mealybugs)

Acordulecera dorsalis #
(no common name)
Pergidae (Pergid Sawflies)

Tremex columba *
(Pigeon Tremex)
Siricidae (Horntails)

Macrophya cassandra ##
(no common name)
Tenthredinidae (Common Sawflies)

Macrophya nigristigma ##
(no common name)
Tenthredinidae (Common Sawflies)

Periclista marginicollis ##
(no common name)
Tenthredinidae (Common Sawflies)

Megaxyela major ##
(no common name)
Xyelidae (Xyelid Sawflies)

Halysidota tessellaris
(Banded Tussock Moth)
Arctiidae (Tiger Moths)

Hyphantria cunea
(Fall Webworm)
Arctiidae (Tiger Moths)

Lophocampa caryae
(Hickory Tussock Moth)
Arctiidae (Tiger Moths)

Philonome clemensella
(no common name)
Bucculatricidae (Ribbed Cocoon-maker Moths)

Coleophora atromarginata
(no common name)
Coleophoridae (Casebearer Moths)

Anacamptodes humaria
(Small Purplish Gray)
Geometridae (Geometer Moths)

Xanthotype sospeta
(Crocus Geometer)
Geometridae (Geometer Moths)

Caloptilia blandella **
(no common name)
Gracillariidae (Leaf Blotch Miner Moths)

Cameraria caryaefoliella **
(no common name)
Gracillariidae (Leaf Blotch Miner Moths)

Cameraria eppelsheimii **
(no common name)
Gracillariidae (Leaf Blotch Miner Moths)

Phyllonorycter caryaealbella **
(no common name)
Gracillariidae (Leaf Blotch Miner Moths)

Phyllonorycter olivaeformis **
(no common name)
Gracillariidae (Leaf Blotch Miner Moths)

Coptodisca lucifluella
(no common name)
Heliozelidae (Shield-bearer Moths)

Apoda biguttata
(Shagreened Slug Moth)
Limacodidae (Slug Moths)

Apoda y-inversum
(Yellow-collared Slug Moth)
Limacodidae (Slug Moths)

Natada nasoni
(Nason's Slug Moth)
Limacodidae (Slug Moths)

Parasa indetermina
(Stinging Rose Caterpillar)
Limacodidae (Slug Moths)

Phobetron pithecium
(Hag Moth)
Limacodidae (Slug Moths)

Tortricidia flexuosa
(Abbreviated Button Slug Moth)
Limacodidae (Slug Moths)

Satyrium calanus falacer ###
(Banded Hairstreak)
Lycaenidae (Gossamer-winged Butterflies)

Satyrium caryaevorum
(Hickory Hairstreak)
Lycaenidae (Gossamer-winged Butterflies)

Nepticula juglandifoliella
(Pecan Serpentine Leafminer)
Nepticulidae (Midget Moths)

Nepticula trinotata **
(no common name)
Nepticulidae (Midget Moths)

Acronicta americana
(American Dagger Moth)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Acronicta laetifica
(Pleasant Dagger Moth)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Acronicta lithospila
(Streaked Dagger Moth)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Allotria elonympha
(False Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala agrippina
(Agrippina Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala angusi
(Angus' Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala consors
(The Consort)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala dejecta
(Dejected Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala epione
(Epione Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala flebilis
(Mourning Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala habilis
(Habilis Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala insolabilis
(Inconsolable Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala judith
(Judith's Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala lacrymosa
(Tearful Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala maestosa
(Sad Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala neogama
(The Bride)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala obscura
(Obscure Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala paleogama
(Old Wife Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala piatrix
(The Penitent)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala residua
(Residua Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala retecta
(Yellow-gray Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala sappho
(Sappho Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala ulalume
(Ulalume Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Catocala vidua
(Widow Underwing)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Eutolype electilis
(Chosen Sallow)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Panopoda carneicosta
(Brown Panopoda)
Noctuidae (Owlet Moths)

Datana angusii
(Angus' Datana)
Notodontidae (Prominent Moths)

Datana contracta
(Contracted Datana)
Notodontidae (Prominent Moths)

Datana integerrima
(Walnut Caterpillar)
Notodontidae (Prominent Moths)

Schizura concinna
(Red-humped Caterpillar)
Notodontidae (Prominent Moths)

Schizura leptinoides
(Black-blotched Schizura)
Notodontidae (Prominent Moths)

Actias luna
(Luna Moth)
Saturniidae (Silk Moths)

Citheronia regalis
(Regal Moth)
Saturniidae (Silk Moths)

Synanthedon scitula *
(Dogwood Borer Moth)
Sesiidae (Clear-wing Moths)

Laothoe juglandis
(Walnut Sphinx)
Sphingidae (Sphinx Moths)

Archips fervidana
(Oak Webworm)
Tortricidae (Tortrix Moths)

Cydia caryana §§§
(Hickory Shuckworm)
Tortricidae (Tortrix Moths)

Gretchena bolliana µ
(Pecan Bud Moth)
Tortricidae (Tortrix Moths)

Gretchena concubitana
(no common name)
Tortricidae (Tortrix Moths)

Larisa subsolana
(no common name)
Tortricidae (Tortrix Moths)

Olethreutes merrickana
(no common name)
Tortricidae (Tortrix Moths)

Olethreutes nigranum
(Dark Olethreutes)
Tortricidae (Tortrix Moths)

Pseudexentera cressoniana
(Shagbark Hickory Leafroller)
Tortricidae (Tortrix Moths)

Diapheromera femorata
(Northern Walkingstick)
Diapheromeridae (Common Walkingsticks)

Melanoplus confusus «
(Little Pasture Grasshopper)
Acrididae (Grasshoppers)

Scudderia curvicauda ««
(Curve-tailed Bush Katydid)
Tettigoniidae (Katydids)

Thrips calcaratus ¤
(no common name)
Thripidae (Thrips)

Thrips pallicornis ¶¶
(no common name)
Thripidae (Thrips)

Thrips pectinatus ¤¤
(no common name)
Thripidae (Thrips)
 

---

* larvae bore through wood or bark
** larvae are leaf-miners, *** feeds on young shoots
§ feeds on nuts, §§ larvae form galls on leaves
§§§ larvae feed in husks of nuts
¶ found on bark, branches, and/or twigs
¶¶ found on leaves, ¶¶¶ forms galls on leaves
# larvae are leaf-skeletonizers, ## larvae feed on leaves
### larvae feed on catkins & young leaves
¤ feeds on buds & young leaves, ¤¤ found under bark
¤¤¤ forms galls on young shoots, petioles,
and/or petiolules
« feeds on leaves, «« feeds on leaf galls
««« causes twig dieback
µ larvae feed on buds, foliage, & fruits
 
Sources: MacRae (1991), Yanega (1996),
Needham et al. (1928), Clark et al. (2004),
Cranshaw (2004), Majka et al. (2007),
Gibson (1985), Ford & Jackman (1996),
Aldrich & Osten-Sacken (1905), Knight (1941),
Watson (1928), Wheeler et al. (1983), Frank (1917),
Blackman & Eastop (2013), Hottes & Frison (1931),
Hamilton (1982), Dmitriev & Dietrich (2010),
ScaleNet website (2014), Smith (2006),
Covell (1984/2005), Microleps website (2010),
Bouseman & Sternburg (2001), Wagner (2005),
Miller (1987), Arment (2006), Nakahara (1994),
Opler & Krizek (1984), Gangwere (1961), Rider (2009),
Dennis (1952)


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